农田长期生态过程的长期试验研究进展与展望

长期试验是研究农田长期生态过程及其环境效应和调控措施的重要手段.本文综述了国际上重要农业长期试验的研究发展趋势,分析了农业长期试验的重要作用,然后分析了国内农业长期试验网的发展现状,提出了未来发展的建议.农业长期试验的发展主要表现在长期农业生态和环境过程的研究领域不断扩展、长期试验成为多学科交叉研究平台和应用研究平台.国内建立了两个主要的农业长期试验网络,重点开展了水分和养分的长期试验.目前农业长期试验网络需要在区域尺度上加强农业、环境和生物科学的交叉研究;扩展试验地面积,完善试验设计;完善分析测试方法和样品、数据的保存系统.国家需要制定和实施稳定农业长期试验研究的管理和经费支持政策.     

Herbicide risk assessment during the Wheat Self-sufficiency Project in Iran

BACKGROUND: The present study describes the quantitative changes in herbicide use during the specific observation periods in the Wheat Self-sufficiency Project in Iran from 1994 to 2004 and the associated changes in herbicide risk, area and yield in this context. A risk index, the environmental impact quotient (EIQ), was used to estimate the environmental impacts (EIs) of herbicides applied to wheat agroecosystems. RESULTS: The results suggest that, during this period, the overall risk posed by the herbicides applied to wheat agroecosystems increased substantially, as evidenced by a 71% increase in herbicide usage (weight of pesticide applied) and a 62.2% increase in EI rating, in spite of an 8.2% decrease in overall EIQ rating and an 89.2% decrease in mean application rate. Furthermore, a 0.57% increase in the area and a 23.6% and 22.7% increase in irrigated and rainfed yields, respectively, were observed. The results also indicate that the EIQ(FUR) of two herbicides, dichlorprop-P/mecoprop-P/MCPA and difenzoquat, is much higher than that of other herbicides, and they could be qualified as high-risk herbicides. CONCLUSION: As a whole, an increase in herbicide usage (weight of pesticide applied) was an important factor on herbicide environmental impact boost. However, this increase has not led to a similar increase in wheat yield, which could be attributed in part to the negative impact of high herbicide consumption in wheat fields and subsequent threat to the long-term sustainability of these agroecosystems.     

The potential environmental impact of pesticides removed from sprayers during cleaning

BACKGROUND: There is concern that pesticide residues on the external surfaces of sprayers could have an adverse impact on the environment if they are washed off, yet there is a need to remove these residues for health reasons. The aim of this study was to quantify pesticide residues contained in washings from cleaning discrete parts of a sprayer and to assess their likely environmental impact. RESULTS: The boom/rear of the sprayer and the spray tank accounted for 80% of the total pesticide load in the washings. Predicted environmental pesticide concentrations from sprayer washings were lower than predictions from the FOCUS surface water model for pesticides used under normal agricultural conditions, although for tebuconazole this difference was smaller than for the other compounds investigated. The field area over which the residues may need to be uniformly deposited to avoid overdosing during infield cleaning was typically less than 0.5 m(2), with a maximum value of 4 m(2). CONCLUSIONS: It is unlikely that infield cleaning will lead to overdosing. External residues are not insignificant, so any adverse impact on the environment must be mitigated. Appropriate measures include cleaning in the field away from surface waters and other sensitive areas, and cleaning machines over bunded areas or similar.     

不同土地利用类型氨挥发氮同位素自然丰度特征

为了探讨不同土地利用类型下氨（NH3）挥发氮同位素自然丰度特征,采集3种土地利用类型（果园、菜地和林地）土壤,在可控条件下采用海绵吸收法开展了为期15d的室内培养试验,测定了不同土地利用类型下土壤NH3挥发全过程δ15N值及其变化规律。培养期间,3种土地利用类型下的土壤NH+4-N浓度均呈现先上升后下降的趋势;果园和菜...     

皖南茶叶生长季气候资源变化特征及其影响分析

【目的】通过分析气候变暖背景下皖南地区茶叶生长气候资源变化特征,为皖南地区茶叶生产合理利用气候资源、应对气候变化提供科学依据。【方法】利用安徽省皖南山区19个气象观测站1971—2019年的逐日平均气温、日照时数、降水量、相对湿度等资料,分析气候变暖背景下皖南山区茶叶生长热量、光照、降水等气候资源及开采期变化特征。【结果】近50年安徽省皖南山区茶叶生长热量资源呈极显著增加,其中年平均气温、≥10 ℃活动积温和适宜生长日数增幅分别为0.29 ℃/10年、111.7 ℃/10年和2.7 d/10年;光照资源极显著减少,年均日照时数降幅为57.5 h/10年;降水资源变化不一,其中降水量呈增加趋势、增幅为13.7 mm/10年,相对湿度极显著降低,降幅为0.5%/10年。【结论】气候变暖造成皖南山区早生种和中晚生种茶叶开采期极显著提前,提前幅度分别为4.2、3.6 d/10年,气候变暖带来的气温和降水的变化对皖南山区茶叶产量影响较大。     

土地整理对水土体系的环境影响及减缓措施

近年来,土地整理项目在全国范围内广泛开展,在发挥巨大经济效益的同时,对环境的影响也日益受到专家学者的重视。因水环境和土壤环境是农业活动中最重要的2个环境要素且密不可分,该文将水土作为一个体系,综述了土地整理对其产生的影响,并提出了相应的减缓措施以减缓不利影响,使得其经济、社会和生态效应达到最大化。     

Optimizing the use of breed types in developing country livestock production systems: a neglected research area

Developing country livestock production systems are diverse and dynamic, and include those where existing indigenous breeds are currently optimal and likely to remain so, those where non‐indigenous breed types are already in common use, and systems that are changing, such as by intensification, where the introduction of new breed types represents significant opportunities. These include opportunities to improve the livelihood of the world's poor, increase food and nutrition security and enhance environmental sustainability. At present, very little research has focused on this issue, such that significant knowledge gaps in relation to breed‐change interventions remain. The purpose of this study is to raise awareness of this issue and suggests strategic research areas to begin filling these knowledge gaps. Such strategic research would include (i) assessing the impact of differing breed types in developing country livestock productions systems, from a range of viewpoints including intrahousehold livelihood benefit, food and nutrition security at different scales, and environmental sustainability; (ii) identification of specific livestock production systems within developing countries, and the type of livestock keepers within these system, that are most likely to benefit from new breed types; and (iii) identification of new breed types as candidates for in‐situ testing within these systems, such as through the use of spatial analysis to identify similar production environments combined with community acceptance studies. Results of these studies would primarily assist stakeholders in agriculture, including both policy makers and livestock keepers, to make informed decisions on the potential use of new breed types.     

绩溪抽水蓄能电站工程移民安置环境影响

指出了水利工程移民生产安置是关系到移民的生产水平能否恢复或超过安置前的生产水平的问题,但移民安置也会带来诸多环境问题。处理和解决好绩溪抽水蓄能电站移民安置产生的环境问题则是保障工程建设顺利完成及工程综合效益充分发挥的重要工作。对移民安置于环境的作用和影响进行了分析评价。     

淡水网箱养殖对环境的影响

1我国淡水养殖的现状1.1养殖产量2002年我国水产品总产量为4.56×107t,淡水产品总量为1.92×107t,其中淡水养殖产量为1.69×107t,占淡水产品总量的88.3%[2]。湖北省地处长江中游,洞庭湖以北,境内水系发达,作为我国的渔业大省,它是淡水渔业发展最快,淡水鱼产量最高的省份,其产量     

Occurrence and present status of coastal dolphins (Delphinus delphis and Tursiops truncatus) in the eastern Ionian Sea

• 1. Boat surveys aimed at studying short‐beaked common dolphins and common bottlenose dolphins in eastern Ionian Sea coastal waters were conducted between 1993 and 2003. During 835 survey days, 24 771 km of total effort was distributed within an area of 480 km², resulting in 428 common dolphin and 235 bottlenose dolphin sightings.
• 2. Individual photo‐identification was performed extensively throughout this study, making it possible to monitor the number of animals seen in the study area each year and their long‐term residency patterns.
• 3. Common dolphins declined across the study period, from 2.18 encounters/100 km in 1997 to 0.40 encounters/100 km in 2003. In contrast, there was a relatively stable presence of bottlenose dolphins, some individuals showing high levels of site fidelity and others using the area only occasionally.
• 4. The local decline of common dolphins and the low density of bottlenose dolphins appeared to reflect the general status of these cetacean species in the wider Mediterranean region, where common dolphins were classified as endangered in the IUCN Red List in 2003.
• 5. Based on the available evidence, we infer that the present unfavourable status of common dolphins in eastern Ionian Sea coastal waters is largely a consequence of prey depletion.

Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.